“PRIONS” ARE PATHOGENS
The Prion Diseases
The collected studies described here argue persuasively that the prion is an entirely new class of infectious
pathogen and that prion diseases result from ...
www.cyber-dyne.com/~tom/prionSP.html - 36k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this
WO/2004/071435) Enhanced Bioavailability Using Laser Resonant ...
59. ; A method of reshaping prions or other pathogenic proteins to reduce their pathogenicity, said method
comprising: selecting a prion or other pathogenic ...
www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=WO2004071435&WO=2004071435&DISPLAY=CLAIMS - 49k -
PDF]
Some considerations on the kinetics of pathogenic prions formation
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normal prions into the pathogen ones, takes place. The second one, very fast, .... both a different pathogenic
prion and to a different animal ...
www.iss.it/binary/publ/publi/382195.1108641130.pdf - Similar pages - Note this
IngentaConnect Partitioning of human and sheep forms of the ...
RESULTS: Clearance of the pathogenic form of the PrP was measured relative to the effluent fraction. Regardless of
the source of the pathogenic prion, ...
www.ingentaconnect.com/.../2002/00000042/00000011/art00017;jsessionid=2dr51bgip076i.alexandra?format=print -
Similar pages - Note this
Is the pathogen of prion disease a microbial protein?
*The term prion refers to the pathogen of prion disease and not to ..... pathogen model’ cannot account for the
diversity of. prions: differences in the ...
linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306987797907155 - Similar pages - Note this
UCSF Prion Finding in Mice Leads Team to Urge Similar Study in Cattle http://www.universityofcalifornia.
edu/news/article/4107
In their investigation, published in the March 19 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the
researchers report that mice exposed to the lethal prion (PREE-on) pathogen develop high levels of the infectious
agent in some skeletal muscle.
US EPA – STATE “REGULATORS” - SYNAGRO –WASTE INDUSTRY – ALL PROMOTE CLASS A SEWAGE SLUDGE
AS BEING “virtually” PATHOGEN FREE and/or “STERILE”
US EPA – http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/625r92013/625R92013chap5.pdf
[PDF]
Chapter 5 Class B Pathogen Requirements and Requirements for ...
“Unlike Class A biosolids, which are essentially pathogen free, Class B biosolids may contain some
pathogens.”
TENNESSEE = CLASS A =- PATHOGEN FREE
University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater ...
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
Class A biosolids are sewage sludge that has undergone treatment by. processes that result in a product
that is virtually pathogen-free....
onsite.tennessee.edu/Septage-Biosolids%20Text.pdf
MICHIGAN – CLASS A = PATHOGEN FREE
PDF]
Applying Biosolids to Land in Michigan
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Class. A biosolids are essentially pathogen-free with no ... The EPA will consider. establishing these limits at a
later date. Table 1. ...
www.msu.edu/~warncke/E2780%20Applying%20Biosolids%20to%20Land%20in%20Michigan.pdf -
********************************************
Waste industry claims Class A pellets are “pathogen-free” –
http://www.fwrj.com/articles/9505.pdf
Comparison of Class A and Class B Private
Biosolids Stabilization Technologies
Gerald W. Foess and Douglas Fredericks
“Thermal Drying. This process uses applied heat to force moisture to
evaporate from dewatered sludge and produces a dried, pathogen-free
product suitable for beneficial use. Two rotary direct drying and two
indirect steam drying systems were evaluated.
Thermally dried product is in the form of small granules or pellets. In
this study, the product was assumed to be marketed in bulk to users such
as golf courses and citrus growers, who currently use similar products
primarily imported to Florida from other states. Thermally dried product
was assigned a value of $40/ton, which included a deduction for
marketing and distribution costs.”
http://www.stevenspublishing.com/Stevens/EPPub.nsf/frame?open&redirect=http://www.stevenspublishing.
com/stevens/epPub.nsf/d3d5b4f938b22b6e8625670c006dbc58/ce08f47ab27524d486256b1e005d9ae8?
OpenDocument
Florida - Biosolids: A New Road to Successful Recycling
A wastewater residuals land application program benefits highways and waterways
By Brian Frewerd
By producing Class A material, which is pathogen-free and has fewer land application restrictions, the city has
also seen an increase in the number of parties interested in participating in its biosolids management program.
Currently, the liquid biosolids are distributed to local farmers for use on pastureland, sodfarms and orange groves.
PDF]
Land Application of Sewage Sludge, EPA/831-B-93-002b, December, 1994
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
Class A pathogen reduction alternatives render the sewage sludge virtually pathogen free after. treatment.
Class B pathogen reduction alternatives ...
www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/biosolids/sludge.pdf -
********************************************************************************
Here is excerpt from March 2006 Synagro Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) filing
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/895565/000095012906003345/h34460e10vk.htm
"
Classes of Biosolids
When treated and processed according to the Part 503 Regulations, biosolids can be beneficially reused and applied
to crop land to improve soil quality and productivity due to the nutrients and organic matter that they contain. Biosolids
applied to agricultural land, forest, public contact sites, or reclamation sites must meet either Class A or Class B
bacteria or pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements contained in the Part 503 Regulations. This
classification is determined by the level of processing the biosolids have undergone. Pursuant to the Part 503
Regulations, there are specific methods available to achieve Class A standards and other specific methods available to
achieve Class B standards, otherwise the biosolids are considered Sub-Class B. Each alternative for Class A requires
that the resulting biosolids be essentially pathogen free. In general, Class A biosolids are generated by more
capital intensive processes, such as composting, heat drying, heat treatment, high temperature digestion and alkaline
stabilization. Class A biosolids have the highest market value, are sold as fertilizer, and can be applied to any type of
land or crop. "
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
http://www.mwhglobal.com/press_template.asp?pressURL=press_2004_06_15.asp
Immediate Release: 6/15/2004
City of Los Angeles’ Innovative Biosolids Project Honored by American Academy of Environmental Engineers
Los Angeles, California – The American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE) selected the City of Los
Angeles, California’s $12.5 million Hyperion Treatment Plant Class A Biosolids Program for its prestigious Superior
Achievement Award in the 2004 Excellence in Environmental Engineering competition. This grand prize is awarded to
the project that best exemplifies innovation, performance, customer satisfaction, contribution to the community and
improved quality of life.
“Completed in just 18 months, the CBTAD process allows the nation’s largest digesters to now produce pathogen-
free biosolids that meet Class A standards. The City of Los Angeles is the first large agency in the United States
to achieve Exceptional Quality standards using thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Exceptional Quality is defined as
biosolids that are stabilized, create a very low level of pollutants and are free of pathogens. Using this process, the
Hyperion Treatment Plant will continue its award-winning biosolids reuse program. Currently Hyperion Treatment Plant
biosolids are reused as fertilizer and soil amendment at a nearby City-owned farm.”
California – Al Rubin, former EPA employee – now a waste industry sludge promoter– January 2, 2007
A 2002 study by the National Academy of Sciences said that while there is no
evidence that regulated biosolids pose a threat to public health,
substantially more research is needed.
Yet a top U.S. Environmental Protection Agency scientist, Alan Rubin, said, "The composting process destroys all
pathogenic bacteria and is absolutely safe."
http://www.sbsun.com/opinions/ci_4933268
http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/consumer/az1426.pdf
Arizona Biosolids Regulations
In 1993 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
promulgated the Standards for the Use and Disposal of Sewage
Sludge (biosolids) published in the Code of Federal Regulations
Title 40 (Parts, 257,403, and 503). The biosolids standards, listed
in this commonly referred “Sludge Rule”, set specific limits on
the biosolids concentrations and land application rates of ten
metals, see table 2.
Under the Sludge Rule, biosolids are considered as Class A, as
being essentially 100% pathogen-free.
************************************************************
EPA
Saturation Zone: Stabilized biosolids removed from the reactor fl ow through the saturation zone where high
temperature and long residence time occur.” High oxygen transfer efficiency promotes rapid digestion of sludge.
Pathogen-free Class A biosolids are produced in four days. Thickened biosolids can be dewatered to 30%–35%
solids and reduced polymer usage. Offgas is separated and treated in a fixed-film biofilter.
***********************************************
Other EPA/waste industry references to Class A sewage sludge as being "pathogen free" . . .
http://www.tagro.com/news_TNT_Jan06.htm
"Soil amendments
These are less-nutrient-rich than fertilizers and often are composted, which stabilizes them. They release nutrients
more slowly into the soil, so “you can use those in relatively large amounts to get organic benefits,” Cogger said. Yard
debris, composted horse manure, dairy solids, worm castings and composted biosolids (byproducts of the wastewater
treatment process) are among the choices available.
Cogger notes that Class A biosolids are certified as free of pathogens. “It’s not sterile, but it’s as clean as the
soil you’re going to add it to,” he explained. In a garden area with annual plants, an inch of compost can be added
each year, he said. In a bed of perennials or woody plants, amend the soil with a larger amount of compost when the
bed is planted, then apply a bark mulch after planting. Not much soil amending will be needed after that, he said."
http://www.louisvillegreen.com/faq.htm
How is Louisville Green produced?
Louisville’s wastewater is cleaned and disinfected at MSD’s Morris Forman Wastewater Treatment Plant before being
discharged to the Ohio River. The leftover solids (biosolids) are further processed into fertilizer.
This fertilizer is made of exceptional quality, Class A biosolids. Per EPA: Class A biosolids contain no detectible
levels of pathogens. Class A biosolids that meet strict vector attraction reduction requirements and low levels metals
contents, only have to apply for permits to ensure that these very tough standards have been met.
Pathogen Destruction Efficiency in High-Temperature Digestion
Stock no.: 97REM2
Subscriber Price: $10.00
Sugg. Retail: $175.00 Subscribers: Login now to purchase or download this product
Non-subscribers: You may purchase this product at the following locations:
>WEF(order# D43103)
>IWAP
Click here for more information on becoming a subscriber.
Project Number: 97-REM-2
Availability: Soft cover and online PDF
This project compiles information available worldwide on high-temperature digestion studies and develops practical
and economical high-temperature digestion protocols that will yield Class A biosolids products and augment existing
processes to further reduce pathogens in biosolids. In fact, this project resulted in a patent that was obtained by WERF
for a cost-effective process to produce pathogen-free Class A biosolids. View a copy of the patent at www.werf.
org/pdf/97REM2Patent.pdf.
https://www.werf.us/acb/showdetl.cfm?st=0&st2=0&st3=0&DID=7&Product_ID=304&DS_ID=3
Utilizing Biosolids on Agricultural Land
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Class A biosolids. are essentially pathogen-free with no restrictions ... WEF-USEPA. 1997. Biosolids radionuclide
information sheet. ...
www.msu.edu/~warncke/E2781%20Utilizing%20Biosolids%20on%20Agricultural%20Land.pdf - Similar pages
PDF]
BIOSOLIDS EMS BROCHURE - FINAL
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pathogen-free, Class A biosolids, which. may be made available to residents ... Environment Federation (WEF),
and. the National Association of Clean Water ...
www.encinajpa.com/EMS-Live/BiosolidsEMS/Trifold/Trifold%20page%201.pdf
PDF]
Workers Exposed to Class B Biosolids During and After Field ...
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
(EPA), Class B biosolids may. contain pathogens in suf cient ... use of Class A pathogen-free biosolids. would
eliminate the hazard. However, ...
taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/DG7HGVTB268F3UET.pdf
WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FEDERATION – TRADE AND LOBBYING ARM OF WASTE/SLUDGE
INDUSTRY:
http://www.werf.us/press/summer97/summer_97.cfm
Previous pathogen control research work on long-term biosolids storage and air drying is limited, especially in defining
the specific processes that destroy the most resilient organisms. Site-specific work indicating that long-term stored
and/or air dried biosolids materials meet pathogen-free, or Class A, standards has been concluded at a few
wastewater plant sites.
*******************************************************************************
http://www.wlssd.com/publications/Biosolids/digest/Biosolids%20Digest%20Spring%2003.pdf
With respect to pathogens,
biosolids are divided into two
classes: Class A and Class B.
Class A biosolids are treated until
they are virtually pathogen-free
and can be land applied with minimal
restrictions;
sorting through the muck water & wastewater products
This bacterial level determines the material's EPA classification, as well as the ... system from USFilter to produce
pathogen-free Class A biosolids. ...
www.stevenspublishing.com/.../wwppub.nsf/
CALIFORNIA
http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:tfAl9cUHCP0J:info.sen.ca.gov/pub/bill/sen/sb_0901-
0950/sb_926_cfa_20050615_103955_asm_comm.html+EPA,+Class+A+biosolids,
+pathogen+free&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=51
Date of Hearing: June 14, 2005
ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND TOXIC MATERIALS
Ira Ruskin, Chair
SB 926 (Florez) - As Amended: May 9, 2005
5)According to the CIWMB, there are essentially three categories
of biosolids: Class B, Class A and Exceptional Quality. Class
B may have low levels of pathogens that rapidly die-off when
applied to soils, and "becoming pathogen free" handling
requirements are followed. Class A biosolids are essentially
free of pathogens prior to land application (the metal content
requirements under the federal regulations are the same for
Class A and Class B biosolids). Exceptional Quality biosolids
meet lower metals concentration requirements than either Class
A or Class B biosolids and have the same pathogen levels as
Class A biosolids.
*************************************************************************************
California Newspaper article – perpetuating waste industry/EPA lies and the deception of the public . . .
Growing Question: Are Biosolids Safe? Sludge concern spreads =20
Vacaville Reporter - 8/24/02 By Jason Massad, staff writer =20
In the pastures and rangelands between Travis Air Force Base and Rio =
Vista, a controversial farming practice takes place, spring through =
fall. In fact, it's more accurate to call it a waste-disposal practice.=
“There are two types of biosolids. Class A is virtually pathogen-free, =
and is sold as fertilizer, while Class B biosolids are semi-treated, and =
spread on farmland, golf courses, forests and tree farms to complete =
their decomposition.”
http://www.lystek.com/
Lystek International Inc. (Lystek) was founded in 1999 in Waterloo, Ontario to commercialize biosolids waste treatment
technologies developed at the University of Waterloo’s Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory (MBL).
Lystek has developed and is commercializing these advanced technologies for processing biosolids (“sewage sludge”)
produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants. These technologies use a proprietary combination of chemical,
biological and physical processes to achieve improved product (sludge) quality at reduced costs compared to the most
typical biosolids handling and disposal systems. The processed materials are free of pathogens exceeding the
definition for Class A Biosolids developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
*******************************************
• A pasteurized, pathogen free, organic fertilizer for distribution to the public
Welcome to Lystek International Inc. - Technology and Applications
... process producing a high solids concentration and a pathogen-free biosolids product that exceeds the US EPA
‘Class A’ biosolids standard. ...
www.lystek.com/technology_applications.html -
OR “STERILIZED” CLASS A SLUDGE BIOSOLIDS . . .
Facts About 2000 Soil Study
May 1, 2008 ... This compost is made from sterilized Baltimore sewage sludge mixed and ... agree that further
study by biosolids experts would be necessary. ...
www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/press_releases/2008/soil_study.html - 42k -
wjz.com - Questions Rise Concerning Sludge Story
Apr 18, 2008 ... Previous research had shown that biosolids compost can reduce the ... "Eckology/Orgro compost is
made from sterilized Baltimore sewage ...
wjz.com/health/SLUDGE.2.703633.html - 53k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this
USCC] Re: Class A sludge
If a heat dried or radiation sterilized biosolids product (even = irradiated ... (1985)
(Burge's group) reported the factors in biosolids compost which ...
mailman.cloudnet.com/pipermail/compost/2004-January/011615.html - 17k -
IngentaConnect The role of indigenous microorganisms in ...
Seeded S. typhimurium colonized rapidly in sterilized biosolids reaching a ...
in biosolids composting for two weeks as compared to compost stored for two ...
www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00431354/2001/00000035/00000004/art00352 -
Kennedy Krieger Institute_ * COMPOST STUDY FACT SHEET *<br><br ...
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
shown that biosolids compost can reduce the bio-availability. and bio-accessibility of lead in ...
is made from sterilized Baltimore sewage sludge mixed and ...
www.biosolids.org/docs/Kennedy%20Krieger%20Institute%20Compost%20Study%20Fact%20Sheet_042108.pdf -
Similar pages - Note this
Potential Regrowth and Recolonization of Salmonellae and ...
Regrowth of inoculated salmonellae in sterile biosolids is commonly documented, .....
salmonellae and indicators present in biosolids and compost (9, 26). ...
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1169032 - Similar pages - Note this
Landscaping
As a mulch: The addition of biosolids compost as a mulch reduces watering ...
the water content of biosolids and produces an essentially sterile product. ...
www.agecanada.com/landscaping1.htm - 7k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this